This latest research builds on the 2023 Leaky Bucket report, and finds that onward migration varies across, and within, provinces. It also finds that economic immigrants—those hand-selected for their unique ability to support Canada’s growth and development—are more likely than other categories of immigrants to leave Canada. Immigrants who arrive as international students are also more likely to leave, as are francophone immigrants.
Which immigrants are leaving and when? And where are they leaving from? How can policy-makers at all three levels of government encourage immigrants to stay, and why is this an important contributor to Canada’s success?
Having a deeper understanding of both the short- and long-term consequences of onward migration, with a unique focus on who is leaving Canada when, will help to inform tailored policies and programs, and help determine the full extent of the retention problem for Canada.
Foreword
Key findings
Recommendations
The ongoing challenge with onward migration
Catching up: The latest data
Where are immigrants leaving from?
Demographic comparisons: Who is leaving Canada?
What does this mean for immigrant retention?
Recommendations
Appendix A: Methodology
Appendix B: Glossary
Appendix C: Categories
Appendix D: Bibliography
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