This indicator measures the counts of authorship and co-authorship of scientific and engineering articles published in peer-reviewed scientific and technical journals, per million population.

Source: National Science Board, Science and Engineering Indicators 2010.

Technology exchange measures the commercial transactions (exports plus imports) related to international technology transfers, as a percentage of gross domestic product (GDP). It consists of money paid or received to acquire and use patents, licences, trademarks, designs, know-how, and closely related technical services (including technical assistance). It also consists of money paid to carry out industrial R&D abroad.

Source: OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators 2009. Online database.

Patents by population measures the number of triadic patents families, per million population. Triadic patent families are defined by the OECD as a set of patents taken at the European Patent Office, the Japanese Patent Office, and the United States Patent and Trademark Office to protect the same invention. Only patents applied for in the same set of countries are included in the “family,” eliminating home advantage and the influence of geographical location. In addition, patents in the triadic patent family are usually high-value patents—the patentee will only take on the additional costs and delay related to the extension of the protection to other countries if it is deemed worthwhile.

Source: OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators 2009. Online database.

Share of world patents measures the number of triadic patents filed by each country as a share of total triadic patents filed worldwide. Triadic patent families are defined by the OECD as a set of patents taken at the European Patent Office, the Japanese Patent Office, and the United States Patent and Trademark Office to protect the same invention. Only patents applied for in the same set of countries are included in the “family,” eliminating home advantage and the influence of geographical location. In addition, patents in the triadic patent family are usually high-value patents—the patentee will only take on the additional costs and delay related to the extension of the protection to other countries if it is deemed worthwhile.

Source: OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators 2009. Online database.

This indicator measures the proportion of high- and medium-high-technology manufacturing in gross domestic product (GDP). The OECD uses the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC) to define high- and medium-high-technology manufacturing. High-technology industries are defined as: Aircraft and spacecraft (ISIC 353), Pharmaceuticals (ISIC 2423), Office, accounting and computing machinery (ISIC 30), Radio, TV and communications equipment (ISIC 32), and Medical, precision and optical instruments (ISIC 33). Medium-high-technology industries are defined by the OECD as: Electrical machinery and apparatus (ISIC 31), Motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers (ISIC 34), Chemicals excluding pharmaceuticals (ISIC 24 excl. 2423), Railroad equipment and transport equipment, n.e.c. (ISIC 352 + 359), Machinery and equipment, n.e.c. (ISIC 29).

Source: OECD, STAN database for industrial analysis. Online database.

This indicator measures the share of knowledge-intensive services in gross domestic product (GDP). The OECD uses the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC) to define knowledge-intensive services. They are defined as: Post and telecommunications (ISIC 64), Finance and insurance (ISIC 65-67), and Business activities (except real estate) (ISIC 71-74).

Source: OECD, STAN database for industrial analysis. Online database.

This indicator measures the ratio of a country’s share of 17-country aerospace exports to its share of 17-country total exports.

Source: OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators 2009. Online database.

This indicator measures the ratio of a country’s share of 17-country electronic exports to its share of 17-country total exports.

Source: OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators 2009. Online database.

This indicator measures the ratio of a country’s share of 17-country office machinery and computer exports to its share of 17-country total exports.

Source: OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators 2009. Online database.

This indicator measures the ratio of a country’s share of 17-country pharmaceutical exports to its share of 17-country total exports.

Source: OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators 2009. Online database.

This indicator measures the ratio of a country’s share of 17-country instruments exports to its share of 17-country total exports.

Source: OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators 2009. Online database.

2007 data.

Cross-border trademarks per population measures the number of cross-border patents, per million population. To capture the ‘cross-border’ aspect for this indictor, we use the number of applications at USPTO except for the following countries: the U.S., Australia, and Canada. For those countries, filings in the Japan Patent Office (JPO) and the European Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market (OHIM) are used. A trademark is a legal protection for a distinctive sign or indicator for a product or service. Because a trademark is often applied to a new product or service, they act as a proxy for product and marketing innovations. Trademark data are important in that they allow measurement of non-technological innovation and innovations in the services sector, which are not well captured by either research and development or patent data.

Source: OECD, OECD Science, Technology and Industry Scoreboard 2009.